A+ Regulation Offerings: Fact or Fiction?

Regulation A+, a relatively novel fundraising mechanism, has captured significant attention from both investors and businesses. Proponents praise its potential to facilitate access to capital for startups, while critics raise questions about its effectiveness.

The allure of Regulation A+ lies in its ability to utilize the power of crowdfunding to raise funds from a wide pool of investors. This, in theory, can provide businesses with an alternative to traditional financing sources and foster economic growth. However, the obstacles associated with navigating the regulatory landscape and the risk of fraud remain pressing concerns.

As the Regulation A+ ecosystem matures, it will be important to strike a balance between fostering innovation and ensuring investor protection. Only then can Regulation A+ truly realize its full promise.

Regulation A Plus | MOFO

MOFO's team of attorneys is well-versed in Regulation A+, a mechanism under the U.S. Securities Laws that allows companies to raise capital from the general public. Utilizing this method, businesses can secure funding for growth while adhering to legal frameworks. Our practitioners support companies through every phase of the Regulation A+ procedure, ensuring a successful and appropriate offering.

Overview of Title IV Regulation A+ for Me

Manhattan Street Capital is a crowdfunding platform that specializes in helping companies raise capital through Title IV Regulation A+. This regulation allows private companies to sell securities to the public and raise up to $75 million per year. Corporations can use this funding for various purposes, such as expanding operations, developing new products, or acquiring other businesses. Manhattan Street Capital provides a comprehensive platform that supports companies through the entire Regulation A+ process, from registration to investor communication.

If you're a company looking to raise capital, Manhattan Street Capital's expertise in Title IV Regulation A+ can be a beneficial asset.

A Innovative Reg A+ Offering: What Is A Reg - We Hold All Of Them

Navigating the world of securities offerings can be complex. That's why we've become experts in Reg A+, a powerful tool that allows companies to raise capital from the public. If you are an entrepreneur seeking funding or an investor looking for new opportunities, Reg A+ could be the perfect solution. Our team is dedicated to providing clear, concise information throughout the entire process.

We understand that every company has unique needs. That's why we offer a range of customized services tailored to your specific goals. From initial consultation to final filing, we'll be there every step of the way to ensure a smooth and successful Reg A+ offering.

  • Explore the benefits of Reg A+ for your business.
  • Access our expert knowledge and experience in navigating the regulatory landscape.
  • Enhance your chances of a successful capital raise.

What Startups Need to Know About Regulation A+

Launching a startup is an exciting journey filled with disruption. But amidst the hustle and bustle of building your dream, navigating the complex world of regulations can feel daunting. A key piece of the puzzle for startups seeking funding is understanding Regulation A+, a unique mechanism that allows companies to raise capital from the public. Regulation A+ offers an efficient path to raising funds, potentially unlocking significant growth opportunities.

  • Essential benefits of Regulation A+ include expanded investor access, increased funding potential, and a more accessible fundraising process. Startups considering this path should carefully examine the specific requirements and implications.
  • Engaging with experts from experienced legal and financial professionals is strongly advised to ensure a smooth compliance process. Regulation A+ can be a powerful tool for startups seeking to achieve their ambitions, but it's essential to approach it with a clear understanding of the system and its potential impact.

Enables Equity Crowdfunding

Regulation A+, also known as Reg A+, serves as a powerful avenue for businesses aiming to raise capital through equity crowdfunding. It presents a streamlined pathway for companies to issue and their securities to the public, including individual investors. Under Reg A+, companies can raise up to fifteen million dollars in a fiscal cycle, offering them with access to a wider pool of capital than traditionally accessible via private offerings.

The procedure for Reg A+ equity crowdfunding entails several key steps. First, companies must draft and submit a detailed offering statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). This filing provides investors with in-depth details regarding the company, its business plan, and the risks connected to the investment.

Once the the SEC has reviewed and approved the offering statement, companies can commence promoting securities to investors through various channels. This can encompass online platforms dedicated to equity crowdfunding, as well as traditional advertising campaigns.

{Ultimately, Regulation A+ provides a practical avenue for businesses to raise resources through the power of the crowd. By making it easier for companies to engage with investors, Reg A+ has the potential to stimulate innovation.

Regulation A+ Funding

FundAthena is a company leveraging the power of Regulation A+, offering investors the opportunity to participate in promising startups. This alternative funding mechanism allows companies to raise substantial capital from a wider range of backers, while providing investors with opportunity to high-growth ventures. FundAthena's experienced team streamlines the entire Regulation A+ process, ensuring a seamless experience for both projects and their backers.

Blank-check Colonial Stock Securities

Venture into the burgeoning realm of Special Purpose Acquisition Colonial Stock Securities, where history meets innovative finance. These unique assets grant investors access to a diverse portfolio of reimagined establishments. Each investment represents a stake in the potentialgrowth of these captivating ventures. Explore this unconventional opportunity to shape to the reconstruction of our collective past.

Our Discovery

Finally, after years of tireless digging, our team has made a breakthrough! We've excavated a rare artifact. It's in remarkable condition, and we believe it could hold the key to revealing long-lost histories. This is a moment of jubilation for our entire team.

  • First| analyses are already underway, and we're eager to reveal more details soon.

Raising Funds - Title IV Reg A+

Delve into the exciting world of Title IV Regulation A+ with our insightful infographic. Discover how this powerful funding mechanism can empower your venture to soar to success. Explore the key advantages of Title IV Reg A+ and understand its significance on the modern capital markets.

Whether you're a seasoned entrepreneur or just starting out, this infographic provides valuable insights into the intricacies of Title IV Reg A+. Gain a comprehensive understanding of the process, eligibility requirements, and potential rewards. Learn how to utilize this unique funding opportunity to fuel your development. Don't miss out on this essential resource for anyone interested in exploring the exciting realm of alternative finance .

  • Join us into the world of Title IV Reg A+ today!

Regulation A-Plus - Securex Filings LLC

Securex Filings LLC presents itself as a leading facilitator for ventures seeking to leverage the benefits of Regulation A+ offerings. Possessing extensive expertise in securities law and the intricacies of capital raising, Securex Filings LLC offers a comprehensive range of services designed to streamline the Regulation A+ filing . From initial consultations to final , their committed team supports ventures through every step of legal requirements.

  • The company focus on guiding businesses in mastering the complexities of Regulation A+.
  • Businesses can benefit from Securex Filings LLC's expertise to maximize their chances of a smooth Reg A+ offering.

Explore Crowdfund.co

Crowdfund.co is a/provides/serves as a platform/an online hub/a resource for individuals/people/backers to invest in/support/fund innovative/exciting/groundbreaking projects. Through/On/Via this website/platform/marketplace, creators/developers/entrepreneurs can raise/secure/gather capital/funding/money for their ideas/ventures/projects. Crowdfund.co offers/presents/features a variety/range/selection of categories/fields/industries for investors/backers/donors to choose from/select/explore. Whether you're/If you are/You might be looking to/searching for/interested in making an impact/supporting innovative ideas/finding investment opportunities, Crowdfund.co could be/might be/can be the perfect place/ideal destination/go-to resource.

Investing in a Fundrise Reg A

Fundrise has recently launched its current Reg A offering. This type of funding round allows individuals to participate in Fundrise's portfolio of real estate properties. The offering is currently open and presents a potential opportunity for investors seeking exposure to the real estate industry. Fundrise has achieved significant successhistorically with its previous Reg A offerings.

Investors interested in learning more about the Fundrise Reg A offering should visit the company's online resources. There, they can review the offering specifics. Before making any investment decisions, it is always recommended to conduct thorough research and consult with a financial advisor.

Securities and Exchange Commission

The Securities and Exchange Commission is/serves as/acts as the primary regulatory/governing/overseeing body for securities/financial markets/investments in the United States/America. Established/Founded/Created in 1934/the early 20th century, the SEC is tasked with/aims to/strives to protect/ensure the fairness and integrity of/maintain financial markets/transactions/instruments by enforcing federal securities laws/regulations/guidelines. Its/The responsibilities include/encompass/extend to registering/regulating/overseeing broker-dealers, investment advisors, and mutual funds, as well as investigating potential fraud/violations of securities laws/market manipulation. The SEC also plays a key role in/actively participates in educating/informing/raising awareness the public about investment risks/securities regulations/financial literacy.

Propel Your Funding Journey With CrowdExpert Title IV Reg A+ Equity Crowdfunding

CrowdExpert Title IV Reg A+ Equity Crowdfunding offers businesses a unique and dynamic platform to attract the funding they require for growth and expansion. Leveraging the power of the community, CrowdExpert connects organizations with investors who are passionate about innovation. By offering shares of equity in exchange for contributions, businesses can unlock a reservoir of capital from a diverse pool of individuals. This method of funding not only provides financial support but also fosters visibility for the project, building a strong foundation for future growth.

  • Gain from a streamlined and transparent process
  • Connect with a wider audience of qualified investors
  • Accelerate your expansion through targeted funding

Testing the Waters

Before diving headfirst into any new venture, it's wise to test the waters first. This involves methodically assessing the current situation. By collecting data, you can evaluate the potential receptiveness of your project. It's a prudent approach that can help you avoid pitfalls.

Funding for Everyone

The concept of project financing is no longer a niche practice. It's shifted into a powerful tool that allows individuals and groups to raise funds directly from the public. This democratization of funding has opened up a world of opportunities for creative minds, enabling them to bring their visions to life without relying on traditional sources like banks or investors. By tapping into the collective power of the crowd, crowdfunding campaigns have become a viable way to fund everything from artistic endeavors to social causes.

  • Websites like Kickstarter and Indiegogo have become central hubs for crowdfunding projects, connecting creators with potential backers.
  • The rise of social media has further amplified the reach of crowdfunding campaigns, allowing them to go viral quickly.
  • Notable achievements abound in the world of crowdfunding, demonstrating its ability to support innovative ideas.

As crowdfunding continues to flourish, it's clear that this revolutionary model has the potential to reshape the way we think about funding. It empowers individuals, fosters collaboration, and unlocks new possibilities for creativity and progress.

TheStreetShares

StreetShares is a/an/the leading platform/company/solution for small/medium-sized/local businesses. It provides access to/funding through/capital in the form of loans/investment/credit, specifically designed/tailored/optimized for the needs of entrepreneurs/business owners/startups. With a focus on transparency/community/collaboration, StreetShares strives to empower/support/assist businesses by offering competitive rates/flexible terms/attractive options.

  • Founded in/Established during/Created by 2013/the year 2015/a few years ago, StreetShares has helped/supported/funded thousands of/numerous/a large number of businesses across the United States/country/nation.
  • Their/Its/The company's mission is to provide financial inclusion/make financing accessible/bridge the funding gap for emerging/growing/aspiring businesses.

Moreover/Additionally/Furthermore, StreetShares offers educational resources/training programs/valuable tools to help businesses succeed/thrive/grow.

Leveraging Regulation A+ for Successful Fundraising

Regulation A+ has emerged as a popular avenue with companies seeking capital. This framework allows private companies to raise significant amounts of financing by means of a streamlined process.

Individuals are attracted to Regulation A+ offerings due owing to the chance for substantial returns. Moreover, Regulation A+ extends companies with a avenue to secure a broader network.

A robust Regulation A+ fundraising campaign hinges on several key factors. These include a attractive business model, a transparent communication process, and a committed team.

Ultimately, Regulation A+ offers a practical route for companies to secure funding.

EquityNet

EquityNet provides tools to encourage small businesses. Through its web-based platform, EquityNet links venture capitalists with viable startups. The website features a variety of tools to aid in the funding process, among other things due diligence reports, venture capitalist matching, and deal management. EquityNet plays an critical role in the arena of startup financing.

Reg A+ Deals

Companies looking to raise capital may explore Regulation A+ offerings as a less stringent alternative to traditional IPO's. This system allows companies to secure up to $50 million from the public in a manner that expedites the fundraising process. Adherence to rules remains crucial, however, as companies must adhere to stringent disclosure mandates and filing processes. Successful Reg A+ offerings can provide companies with valuable resources to support growth and expansion.

  • Pros of Regulation A+ include its relatively easy process, lower expenses, and the ability to tap into a larger investor base.
  • Challenges to be aware of include the ongoing transparency expectations and the need for expert legal guidance throughout the process.

Navigating Regulation in Crowdfunding

The landscape of crowdfunding continues to undergo significant expansion, presenting both advantages and complexities. Regulations play a crucial role in defining this dynamic {environment|. This necessitates a in-depth grasp of the current guidelines governing crowdfunding platforms.

Government agencies worldwide are steadily striving to establish clear standards that encourage responsible and transparent crowdfunding activities. These regulations aim to protect both investors and businesses while guaranteeing a equitable playing field for all {stakeholders|.

Meeting regulatory requirements is essential for crowdfunding platforms to conduct business consistently. Failure to adhere with applicable regulations can result substantial fines. Therefore,, it is critical for crowdfunding players to remain updated of the latest policy updates. Ultimately understanding and complying with regulations is crucial for the sustainable success and viability of the crowdfunding industry.

Offering Requirements

When regulating presentations, it's essential to establish clear and comprehensive requirements. These guidelines aim to validate that offerings meet predetermined levels of quality, security, and adherence with pertinent laws and specifications. Businesses seeking to offer their offerings must comply these demands to operate within the framework of legal and ethical boundaries.

  • Specially, offerings in the clinical industry are subject to stringent rules regarding patient privacy and data safeguarding.
  • Similarly, financial offerings must adhere to strict compliance specifications to prevent misconduct and protect investors.

Supervision A+ Educational Platform

Understanding governance is essential for traders. Investopedia's detailed resource on governance provides understanding into the complexities of financial industries. From assets to insurance, Investopedia's explanations illuminate key terms related to governing frameworks. Whether you are a novice or an veteran investor, Investopedia's A+ governance content deepens your knowledge in this dynamic field.

Governing A+ Companies

The arena of A+ companies is constantly shifting, presenting both opportunities and challenges for regulators. These high-performing entities often operate at the leading position of innovation, pushing the thresholds of what's possible. However, their success can also create complex implications that require careful evaluation. Regulators must aim to foster a regulatory environment that is both conducive of innovation while also ensuring responsible business practices.

This balancing act requires a refined approach, one that acknowledges the unique characteristics of A+ companies and their impact on the broader market.

There are several key areas where regulation of A+ companies must be carefully considered. These include:

* Data privacy and security:

A+ companies often collect and process vast amounts of insights, raising concerns about the safeguarding of individual information.

* Algorithmic transparency and accountability:

As A+ companies increasingly rely on software systems, it is vital to ensure that these algorithms are transparent and held accountable for their outcomes.

* Competition and market dominance:

The success of A+ companies can sometimes lead to concerns about monopoly, which could detriment consumer welfare.

Mitigating these challenges requires a collective effort involving regulators, A+ companies, researchers, and the citizens. Through transparent discussion, it is possible to develop regulatory frameworks that promote both innovation and the well-being of society.

Governance A+ Summary

Regulations guarantee a level playing field within industries by setting standards. A+ summaries usually highlight key aspects of these regulations, providing a concise picture for stakeholders. These summaries are vital for understanding compliance requirements and comprehending the details of regulatory frameworks.

  • Key benefits of regulation A+ summaries include:
  • Improved understanding of regulatory requirements
  • Simplified compliance processes
  • Reduced risk exposure

Guidelines Within the Real Estate Market

The real estate market is a complex ecosystem governed by/regulated through/controlled by strict/comprehensive/robust regulations/laws/guidelines. These rules/standards/policies are designed to/implemented for/intended to protect/safeguard/ensure consumers, promote fairness/maintain transparency/foster ethical conduct in transactions, and prevent/mitigate/address fraudulent activities. Real estate professionals, including brokers/agents/developers, are required to/expected to/obligated to comply with/adhere to/follow these regulations/guidelines/standards.

  • Notable/Key/Important aspects of/areas covered by/issues addressed by regulation in the real estate industry include/encompass/address property disclosures/listings/transactions, agency relationships/client representation/confidentiality agreements, fair housing practices/anti-discrimination policies/equal opportunity laws, and real estate financing/mortgage lending/loan servicing.

Understanding/Being aware of/Familiarizing oneself with these regulations/the regulatory landscape/legal framework is essential for/crucial to/highly important for anyone involved in/participating in/engaged in the real estate market.

My Mini-IPO First JOBS Act Company Goes Public Via Reg A+ on OTCQX

After a lengthy period of preparation and persistence, our company is thrilled to announce its public debut via a Regulation A+ offering on the OTCQX marketplace. This milestone represents a significant achievement for us as we embrace this new chapter of growth and opportunity.

We believe that this listing will provide enhanced visibility to our investors and future stakeholders, while also allowing us to attract the capital necessary to drive our next phase of expansion. We are excited about the future and anticipate to share our success with all of you.

FundersClub enables Reg A+ raises on the platform

FundersClub, a leading online equity crowdfunding platform, is launching a new feature that allows companies to conduct Reg A+ raises directly on its portal. This move enhances FundersClub's scope, giving businesses access to a wider pool of investors. With Reg A+, companies can secure up to $75 million from the general public. FundersClub's user-friendly platform simplifies the fundraising process for companies, making it convenient than ever before to access the power of crowdfunding.

Securities Regulation: What is Reg A+

Regulation A+, often referred to as "Reg A+" for brevity, is a/acts as/constitutes a financing exemption within the U.S. securities laws. It allows companies to raise capital from the general public through a process/method/system known as crowdfunding. The goal of Reg A+ is to provide smaller businesses with a more accessible path to raising funds, compared to traditional methods like initial public offerings (IPOs).

Under Reg A+, companies can offer and sell their securities directly to investors online or through broker-dealers. There are two tiers within Reg A+: Tier 1 allows companies to raise up to $20 million within a twelve/one/specified month period, while Tier 2 permits fundraising of up to $75 million over a similar timeframe.

To participate in a Reg A+ offering, investors typically must complete a simple verification process to ensure they meet certain income or net worth requirements. These offerings can be found on specialized Reg A+/Regulation A+ crowdfunding platforms/crowdfunding portals.

These platforms act as intermediaries, connecting companies with potential investors and facilitating the entire fundraising procedure/process/cycle.

Tackling the Regulatory Landscape During IPOs

Bringing a company public through an Initial Public Offering (IPO) is a complex undertaking, requiring meticulous planning and adherence to stringent regulations. The regulatory landscape surrounding IPOs can be particularly intricate, involving multiple agencies at both the federal and state levels. To ensure a successful IPO, companies must navigate these regulatory hurdles effectively by complying with disclosure requirements, undergoing audit processes, and adhering to market fairness principles. Failure to do so can result in significant penalties, legal challenges, and damage to the company's reputation.

  • Companies planning an IPO must engage with regulatory advisors to ensure full compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
  • The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) plays a crucial role in overseeing the IPO process, scrutinizing financial statements and other reports.
  • Businesses must disclose material information to potential investors to ensure transparency and preserve investor interests.

Reg A+ Securities Issuances

Reg A+ offerings present a unique opportunity for companies to raise equity in the public markets. By leveraging this mechanism, companies can access investments from a wider pool of investors. This process typically involves filing a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) outlining its financial projections. Reg A+ offerings are preferred by companies in various industries, particularly those seeking to fuel growth.

  • Some notable benefits of Reg A+ offerings include:A key advantage of Reg A+ offerings is the ability for companies to raise funds directly from investors without relying on traditional underwriting fees. This can lead to significant cost savings and allow companies to retain a larger portion of the capital raised.
  • Another benefit is the increased visibility that comes with launching a public offering.{Reg A+ offerings also provide companies with enhanced brand recognition and media attention, which can be invaluable for attracting new customers and partners.

However, it's important to note that Reg A+ offerings are not without their challenges. Companies must comply with stringent SEC regulations and prepare comprehensive disclosure documents. It also requires significant effort and resources to effectively market the offering to potential investors.

Framework A+ Policies

The implementation of Regulation A+ rules has significant importance in promoting fairness within the investment markets. They serve to guidelines on responsible conduct by participants involved in issuing shares. Strict observance of Regulation A+ policies becomes mandatory for investors to protect their interests.

A thorough understanding of Regulation A+ requirements empowers companies seeking funding and individuals investing to participate effectively in the capital markets.

Additionally, Regulation A+ establishes a transparent mechanism by which companies can access capital while protecting the integrity of the markets.

SlideShare guidelines a securities act of 1933 jobs act 106 reg A tier 2 offering

The JOBS Act, specifically Section 106, introduced Reg A+ as a streamlined route for smaller companies to raise capital. This level 2 offering under Reg A+ allows companies to promote their securities offerings through various channels, including SlideShare, to engage potential investors. SlideShare's platform can be a valuable tool for companies seeking to meet the disclosure requirements of Reg A+ Tier 2 by providing a accessible medium to present their financial information and business plan with a wider audience.

  • Consider: SlideShare's terms of use should be carefully reviewed to ensure compliance with securities laws and regulations.

Regulating a Text Precisely

When managing text, control becomes essential for achieving desired results. This mechanism involves defining clear guidelines to guarantee uniformity and accuracy.

Regulations for text can address a wide variety of aspects, including style, voice, and matter. By applying these standards, we can optimize the readability of text and reduce misinterpretations.

  • Appropriate text regulation contributes to clear communication.
  • Guidelines instill reliability in written content.
  • Consistent text boosts the general value of any document.

Regulation a+ Offering

A regulatory a+ offering requires a thorough understanding of the changing regulatory environment. This involves identifying relevant directives and adopting robust procedures to ensure compliance. A robust a+ offering should also promote disclosure and foster assurance with stakeholders.

  • Critical aspects when constructing a regulated a+ offering include: risk management, data security, consumer protection

Governance A Plus Gain

When it comes to laws, a "plus" often signifies a positive impact. A regulatory framework that's well-designed and effectively implemented can enhance stability. It can also cultivate innovation by providing a predictable environment for businesses to succeed. This, in turn, can lead to financial expansion and a higher degree of living. Ultimately, "regulation a plus" results into a better society for all.

Regulation A

When a business is seeking to raise capital, they have several alternatives available. Two common approaches are Regulation A and Regulation D. Regulation A is a category of securities offering that allows companies to raise up to $50 million from the public, while Regulation D is used for private placements, permitting companies to sell securities to a limited number of investors.

  • provides greater public visibility, but it also involves more rigorous guidelines.
  • {Regulation D|Reg D|concentrates on private placements, making it a good alternative for companies seeking less public attention.

Ultimately, the best methodology will depend on the company's specific conditions and its aspirations.

FRB Regulation A

FRB Regulation A is a framework/lays out guidelines/establishes parameters for financial institutions to follow. It focuses on safeguarding/protecting/securing depositors and maintaining financial stability/the integrity of/a sound banking system. The regulation covers/addresses/deals with a wide range/broad spectrum/comprehensive set of activities, including capital requirements/asset allocation/risk management. By adhering to these rules/provisions/mandates, financial institutions contribute to/help ensure/play a vital role in the stability and soundness of the overall financial market/economy/system.

Data Protection Officer

A DPO is a role responsible for ensuring an organization's compliance with privacy regulations. This important leader works to implement procedures that safeguard personal information. They also {act as a liaison between the organization and regulators, providing guidance on GDPR matters.

The SEC Approves New “Reg A+” Rules for Crowdfunding

In a major move to boost the crowdfunding sector, the Securities and Exchange Commission|U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has finalized new rules for “Reg A+”. This regulatory framework is designed to facilitate startups to attract investment from a larger pool of contributors.

  • Reg A+, formerly known as Regulation A, previously allows companies to issue their stocks to the public without the traditional IPO process.
  • The new rules clarify current regulations, granting companies with greater autonomy in how they raise capital.
  • Such developments are projected to {have asignificant impact on the crowdfunding landscape, making it for both companies seeking funding and individuals looking to invest.

Regulation A+ vs Regulation D

When raising capital for a new business venture, entrepreneurs often confront the complexities of securities law. Two common avenues for capitalizing these ventures are Regulation A+ and Regulation D, each with its own distinct structure . Regulation A+, also known as public offering , allows companies to raise significant amounts of capital from the broader public. In contrast, Regulation D is primarily designed for private placements where investments are made by a select group of accredited investors.

Rule 506 of Regulation D further divides private placements into two distinct categories: Rule 506(b) and Rule 506(c). Under Rule 506(b), companies can {raise funds from an unlimited number of accredited investors, but are restricted to offering securities to a maximum of 35 non-accredited investors. Rule 506(c), on the other hand, provides more flexibility by Commission allowing companies to advertise and solicit investments from both accredited and non-accredited investors, provided they conduct due diligence to verify investor status .

Choosing between Regulation A+ and Regulation D involves thoroughly considering various factors such as the amount of capital required, target audience, regulatory compliance burden, and overall objectives of the business.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *